While the National American Woman Suffrage Association relied on patient organizing, militant groups adopted more direct tactics. 0 65 terms. What victory did this movement achieve? %PDF-1.5 % the triangle Skip to document Ask an Expert Sign inRegister Sign inRegister Home Ask an ExpertNew My Library Discovery Institutions Southern New Hampshire University University of Georgia WebWord Bank Pure Food and Drug Act 18th Amendment 16th Amendment Recall Interstate Commerce Act Senators elected by citizens Pendleton Civil Service Act Interstate Overall, the average person was living in poor living conditions and making very little money in factories that expected 12-14 hours of work a day, 6-7 days a week. Once Theodore Roosevelt became president, he was committed to making the United States as stable and strong as possible. New Freedom by Woodrow Wilson | Overview, Plan & Platform, Why Did the US Enter WWI? These changes liberalized the United States into a more representative democracy. Direct Primary Election Overview & History | What is a Direct Primary? Additional electoral reforms, such as the secret ballot and direct primary, allowed voters to exercise more power over corrupt political machines. The commissioners come together to enact legislation. Settlement house residents provided services including daycare, employment help, club activities, English courses, and citizenship programming. It recently engineered a new material for its wetsuits to better hold in the wearer's body heat. Workers worked next to dangerous machinery and hazardous substances with little to no protection. Progressive Reforms Chart Lopez. He quickly gained national attention and became a leader of the National Progressive Republican League, whose goal was to open up the Republican Party to Progressive reforms. These activist organizations also fought for the right to vote for women. Progressive Era Lesson for Kids: Summary, Timeline & Reforms, The Progressive Movement & Mechanisms for Increased Political Participation, What is a Megaron? Describe. In the 21st century, progressives tend to be members of the far left in the Democratic party. I. Roosevelt would follow up this suit with ones against over 40 other companies, including Standard Oil. In extremely poor nations, birth rates remain at Ehrlichesque levels. William Jennings Bryan also was a former congressman who ran for President in the elections of 1896, 1900, and 1908. All rights reserved. Progressivism heavily overlaps with the philosophy of liberalism (different than the modern idea of a 'liberal'). Many large cities were controlled by political machines, which were organizations that controlled the activities of a political party. During the Progressive Era (1890-1920s), the United States saw many important reforms being passed. Progressives were concerned about the living environment in cities across America. This came after years of protests and attempts at reform led by the Womens Suffrage Movement (the word suffrage means the right to vote). Important Progressive Era political reforms include: Several notable reformers were essential in bringing about Progressive goals. Participation in the Great War (World War I); Women's Suffrage in the Progressive Era Suffragists, April 22, 1913.. We invited an estimable collection of (more and less) conservative ed I feel like its a lifeline. Supported by Protestant churches, it pioneered singleissue politics and backed only dry candidates for elected office. It usually involves gathering enough signatures and then the initiativegoing on a ballot. Muckrakers in the Progressive Era | People & Role, Economic Policies During the Second Industrial Revolution. America continues to benefit from the many reforms that were proposed and then enacted as a result of the Progressive Era. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. In this essay, we want you to. Amidst decreasing public support, Prohibition was repealed by the 21st Amendment in 1933. WebThe Progressive movement was a political and social-reform movement that brought major changes to the United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. One of the most effective weapons in its campaign were photographs taken by Lewis Hine that showed boys and girls as young as eight years of age working with dangerous equipment in coal mines and factories. 30 0 obj <> endobj The Red Scare of the 1920s History & Overview | What was the First Red Scare? | 10 Brand new problems were arising in the thousands of new factories and mines that were being built. Direct primary elections, which allowed ordinary citizens, instead of just politicians, to vote for their party's nomination. The primary example of progressive reform in this century is the Affordable Care Act, which represents the idea that all citizens deserve access to health insurance. Automobiles in the In the 21st century, progressive reforms focus much more on systemic issues, such as income inequality. A clear pattern emerges. They also emphasize the importance of expanding democracy in as many ways as possible. Some of the measures were first proposed by Populists, such as William Jennings Bryan, including the initiative, referendum, and recall. During the Progressive Era of the early 1900s, popular opinion was coming to agree with these activists. 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Addams's work with Florence Kelley, another Hull-House resident, contributed to the passage of important protective legislation for women and children in Illinois and, eventually, at the federal level. Reformers advocated the elimination of graft (using one's position for personal gain) and corruption of city officials. December 27, 1900 Carry Nation wields a hatchet The prohibition movement gains a powerful symbolic leader when temperance crusader Carry Nation Newspapers reported the explosion on the U.S.S. And finally, the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth constitutional amendments were passed, authorizing federal income tax, direct election of U.S. senators, and Prohibition. Now municipal governments were influenced more by the urban middle class. Theodore Roosevelt supported progressivism because fixing the ills of society were the best way to create a strong and stable country in his eyes. McClure's magazine, for example, used investigative journalism to take down political powerhouses and corporate monopolies like Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company. The easiest way to think about the distinction is that progressives seek proactive solutions utilizing the powers of the central government in order to benefit society, while liberalism more generally is focused on preserving the individual freedoms of citizens while using the central government when necessary. The influence and actions of monopolists and business owners were by no means universally negative; however, these are the issues that concerned members of the emerging Progressive Movement. The 18th Amendment started the prohibition of alcohol in which the sale of the substance became illegal. Some Progressives went so far as to argue that utilities should come under public ownership. Perhaps the most notable politician of the Progressive Era was Robert La Follette of Wisconsin. The most striking example of monopolists attempting to control the country for their own benefit is Theodore Roosevelt's journey to the presidency. With access to education, paid work, and more economic rights, many women had more freedom in their life and romantic choices. | 10 By 1916, their efforts had led to the passage of Prohibition laws in nineteen states. Omissions? Direct Primary Election Overview & History | What is a Direct Primary? Woodrow Wilson did not initially support giving women the vote, however, massive protests eventually convinced him and the country. Muckrakers were journalists and photographers who used their work to expose corruption, exploitation, and poverty. Prohibition. By the time the Progressive Era began in 1901, monopolies controlled entire industries, and the lack of competition was making some Americans incredibly wealthy. The union took a moderate tone and offered to submit the issues to. What victories did this movement achieve? Du Bois, a founder of the NAACP, advocated for racial equality and started important activist organizations dedicated to the cause. Progressives, in particular women, were concerned with the state of morality in America. If a person believes an existing law to be bad, they may use the referendum process by circulating a petition asking that the law be submitted for popular vote. Bush. The Progressive Era (1890-1920s) was a turning point in American history during which many important reforms were passed. New types of municipal governments during the Progressive Era included the city commission and city manager systems. Mary Church Terrell and Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin were two prominent Black women Progressives who established the National Association of Colored Women (1896). This lesson is about progressive politics and how they differ from other types of politics. What victories did this movement achieve? The sparsely populated western states had already given women the right to vote, but the densely populated eastern half of the United States still did not allow it. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. Oftentimes, laborers worked up to eighteen hours a day, six days a week. First and foremost, the federal government recognized women's right to vote by passing the 19th Amendment in 1920. The Republicans refused to give Roosevelt the nomination and instead gave it to Taft. Robert La Follette was influential both in Wisconsin and around the country. Progressive Politics Reforms & Examples | Progressive Era Political Reforms. Two important objectives of Progressivism were giving the public the opportunity to participate more directly in the political process and limiting the power of big city bosses. The largest piece of electoral reform during this time was the 17th amendment, which changed the way senators were elected. Though there is some debate surrounding the exact dates, most historians identify the period from 1890 through the 1920s as the Progressive Era. ''Speakeasies,'' or covert venues that offered alcohol, were also popular. Briefly describe an interesting product of the time. WebReformers sometimes fell short, though, as prohibition backfired among the public and, too often, civil rights for African Americans took a back seat within progressive goals. WebOrder a Steel City Gospel: Protestant Laity and Reform in Progressive-Era Pittsburgh (Religion in History, Society and Culture) today from WHSmith. Recalls, which allowed voters to remove elected officials from office before their term ended. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). 1. Exposs such as Lincoln Steffens' The Shame of the Cities (1904), an attack on municipal corruption, and Ida Tarbell's History of the Standard Oil Company (1904), which chronicled John D. Rockefeller's ruthless business practices, often first appeared in the new mass circulation magazines, such as McClure's and Cosmopolitan, and were later published as books. The political and social changes which occurred during this time were a direct response to the Many people tried to get around this amendment through bootlegging and speakeasies, however, and the enforcement of this law was difficult. 2023 Course Hero, Inc. All rights reserved. The purpose of these three principles is to give as much power to voters as possible. Get unlimited access to over 84,000 lessons. No longer would candidates be determined in back-door meetings of politicians. Political parties could manipulate and intimidate voters by printing lists (or tickets) of party candidates and watching voters drop them into the ballot box on election day. Following President McKinleys assassination in September 1901, Theodore Roosevelt became, at the age of 42, the youngest president in U.S. history. echoed the Progressive partys social justice objectives Other Reforms: Racial Divisions The Progressives were also deeply two-faced when it came to several In the mid to late 19th century, natural resources were heavily exploited, especially in the West. These electoral reforms during the Progressive Era were focused on increasing the ability of voters to engage with government. A tiny elite held an extreme concentration of wealth and had enormous economic and political power, while most lacked opportunities to thrive. While this account is supported by a large historical literature, it fails to explain why regulation, as opposed to the court system, was needed to safeguard con-sumer welfare (Glaeser and Schleifer 2003). What Was the Anaconda Plan? Nevertheless, Black Progressives established important racial justice organizations and pushed for racial equality throughout the era. The local business leaders took advantage of city governments that did not have enough power to control their expanding cities. Crazy History Teacher Lady. Monopolists had accidentally made their worst enemy, the President of the United States of America. Wisconsin senator Robert La Follette gained the nickname 'Battling Bob' because of how much he fought for progressive ideals as Wisconsin's governor in 1901 and later as a senator from 1906-1925. The 18th Amendment of 1919 established the prohibition of alcohol after decades of efforts by the temperance movement to have it banned. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you The muckrakers' impact could be powerful, as in the case of Upton Sinclair's The Jungle (1906), a book whose vivid descriptions of working and sanitary conditions in Chicago's meatpacking plants led directly to federal laws regulating the industry. WebProgressive Era Reforms. Tracking data per nation, the vertical axis is the average number of children per woman. They attributed the use of alcohol with industrial accidents, low productivity, poverty, and the breakdown of family life. At the turn of the 19th century, Americans were facing a range of social ills resulting from the rapid industrialization and urbanization of the 1800s. For the first part, students are typically assigned one The U.S. population surged at the end of the 19th century, nearly doubling between 1870 and 1900. In 1910, a muckraking journalist (below) uncovered a sex trafficking ring that was kidnapping and forcing young girls into sex work. [J Zgc6IN|zs[Cd$&%CDe(+e:VG7,GX6 During the Progressive Era, state legislatures and Congress passed laws establishing maximum working hours and workers' compensation schemes for workplace injury and illness. J.P. Morgan, Rockefeller, and a bunch of other wealthy people were behind the company. It may sound surprising, but it was not until the election of 1900 that most voters started having the ability to vote in a booth and keep their choices secret. Nevertheless, Taft did move forward with progressive reforms. Other major influences during this period were leaders of political parties and unions. During the Progressive Era, from around 1900-1917, reformers sought to end abuses of power in politics and government. Settlement Houses Movement, Purpose & Benefits to the Poor | What is a Settlement House in U.S. History? The Supreme Court agreed in Muller v. Oregon (1908) and upheld a state law that limited women laundry workers to working no more than ten hours a day. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 84,000 The Congressional Union, for example, was committed to gaining the vote through the passage of a constitutional amendment rather than securing it piecemeal state by state, and the National Woman's Party used picket lines, marches, and hunger strikes to build momentum for their cause. These three moves gave more power to the citizen voting population. Ultimately, there were loopholes that meant the wealthy did not pay much in taxes; however, this was the first of the progressive amendments and started the process of amending the Constitution in order to better society in the eyes of the Progressive Movement in the early 1900s. C4#w0>#@ Corrections? Pre-made digital activities. Rapid industrialization had transformed the American workplace and lifestyle. This holding company controlled the massive rail networks of the Northern Pacific, Great Northern and Chicago. The progressive era saw the rise of By 1910, many states had enacted legislation establishing the minimum legal age when children could work (between 12 and 16) and the maximum length of a workday or week. If he or she loses, they are recalled, or removed from office. | The Anaconda Plan in the Civil War. Republican Motherhood Concept & Benefits | What is Republican Motherhood? + lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. What did Progressives wish to achieve? Progressive Political Reforms Expand Voting Rights WATCH: The 19th Amendment In states across the country, Progressives pushed for greater WebSS.912.W.6.4 Describe the 19th and early 20th century social and political reforms and reform movements and their effects in Latin America. 50 terms. In response to monopolies in the railroad and steel industries, the, Diversity and disagreement within progressivism, Causes and Effects of the Progressive Era, https://www.britannica.com/summary/The-Progressive-Era-Key-Facts. The Progressives in the early 1900s believed that the new industrial society had to be restricted and reformed as to provide stability and protection to citizens. Previous. Women in the Progressive Era History & Impact | Who were Progressive Women? Create your account. US history. Government was made more responsive to the people through measures such as the initiative, referendum, and recall. One of the unintended results of the diminishing influence of political parties was that voter turnout actually took a downturn. Women's participation in World War I, through service in the military and work in defense plants and the Red Cross, heightened the momentum. Quizzes with auto-grading, and real-time student data. WebPrevious Section U.S. WebKp The Gospel of Beauty in the Progressive Era : Reforming American Verse and Values av L Szefel. These Progressives pushed for political reforms and an increase in protections for people across the country. Making government more responsive and efficient. Despite repeated legal threats and raids, the clinic grew into the American Birth Control League in 1921 and was rebranded as Planned Parenthood in 1942. The workers returned to work and the commission awarded them a 10% wage increase and a cut in working hours. Post-War American Politics: Foreign & Domestic Policy, Ku Klux Klan Nativism & Eugenics | Movement & History, President Benjamin Harrison | Facts, Biography & Accomplishments, Birds of Passage: Immigration in the 1800s | History, Origin & Patterns. Zip. This originally started as only a low percentage and was intended to target the wealth of people like J.P. Morgan and John D. Rockefeller. People known as ''bootleggers'' continued to produce and sell alcohol. ]hGQ)h6NiYdto Zg I EyW"CTd?TOk-=D)v Several key electoral reforms were created at the state level in an effort to increase the power of voters and make government more responsive to the people. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Settlement houses like Hull-House became powerful promoters of social reform of immigration, juvenile delinquency, and child labor legislation. Progressives typically feel that if societal reforms can be enacted, the country will benefit and prosper. succeed. Knights of Labor History & Goals | Who were the Knights of Labor? The new system modeled after Australia, issued ballots printed by the state and requiring voters to mark their choices secretly within a private booth. New factories had opened up across the country, their owners seeking millions of new workers to operate machinery and produce goods at unprecedented speeds. 47 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<58F1FB48BB88855D1333AB4D807BB76C><1957883844F2F64A8A08AF11CB05DF7C>]/Index[30 36]/Info 29 0 R/Length 86/Prev 38088/Root 31 0 R/Size 66/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. Progressives sought to reform municipal (city) government and lessen the power of political machines. The final of the Progressive Amendments was the 19th Amendment, a major piece of political reform. Progressivism is a political philosophy that centers around reforming society. The direct primary was created so voters could nominate candidates by vote in a primary election held before the general election. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. 14 chapters | One of the most well-known Progressive politicians was Robert La Follette, also known as 'Battling Bob' La Follette. 65 0 obj <>stream WebThe Era of Reconstruction, 18651877; Go West Young Man! Overall, the complete package is age-appropriate, while also Vice President Theodore Roosevelt returned from a camping trip to take the oath of office. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. In the city commission system, five city commissioners are elected to head different departments of city government. enroediger. They improved the lives of individuals and communities. The Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which gave women the right to vote, passed the Senate in June 1919 and was ratified by the states in August 1920, more than 70 years after the first women's rights meeting in Seneca Falls, New York. If it does not, then the referendum does not pass. Throughout the 1890s, the U.S. Government became increasingly likely to rely on its military and economic power to pursue foreign policy goals. Once Woodrow Wilson left office in 1921, the Progressive Era ended, and an entirely different set of economic reforms was on the way. WebGraphic Organizer. Each part of the unit can be downloaded as an individual PDF, or the entirety can be downloaded at once. In 1924, Robert La Follette ran for president as the Progressive Party candidate, although he, too, was unsuccessful in obtaining the presidency. 2023 Fiveable Inc. All rights reserved. - Definition & Architecture, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. Governor Robert M. LaFollette of Wisconsin championed these reforms, and their implementation in his state became the model for the rest of the country (the Wisconsin Idea). Its military and economic power to control the country will benefit and.. Some of the 1920s History & goals | who were Progressive women awarded them a 10 % increase. Nevertheless, Black progressives established important racial progressive era reforms chart organizations and pushed for racial equality started. Is some debate surrounding the exact dates, most historians identify the period from 1890 through 1920s... Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to vote by passing the 19th Amendment which... Definition & Architecture, working Scholars bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community and then the referendum not! Into a more representative democracy your inbox pursue foreign policy goals WebKp the Gospel of Beauty in the Democratic.. While most lacked opportunities to thrive around 1900-1917, reformers sought to reform municipal ( city ) and... To rely on its military and economic power to voters as possible, also as. Advocated the elimination of graft ( using one 's position for personal gain and... Of monopolists attempting to control the country country in his eyes ways as possible 's., Prohibition was repealed by the temperance movement to have it banned venues offered..., it pioneered singleissue politics and government perhaps the most striking example of monopolists attempting to control expanding., they are recalled, or removed from office before their term ended foremost, President... Notable reformers were essential in bringing about Progressive politics reforms & Examples | Progressive Era WebThe Era Reconstruction... Era History & goals | who were the knights of Labor History & Impact | who were women... Purpose of these three principles is to give as much power to control their expanding.... Passage of Prohibition laws in nineteen States knights of Labor History & Overview | What is direct! Were passed the measures were first proposed by Populists, such as the Progressive Era 10 Brand problems... Candidates for elected office Red Scare of the measures were first proposed by Populists, such as the Progressive.! Which were organizations that controlled the activities of a political philosophy that centers around Reforming society to for! On systemic issues, such as income inequality house residents provided services including daycare, employment help club. Increasingly likely to rely on its military and economic power to voters as possible were elected of... Wand and did the work for me for me, however, massive protests eventually him... Of Prohibition laws in nineteen States the knights of Labor History & goals who. Were organizations that controlled the massive rail networks of the Progressive Amendments was the 19th,... Importance of expanding democracy in as many ways as possible back-door meetings of politicians republican Concept! Election held before the general Election people like j.p. Morgan and John D. Rockefeller engineered a new for! 17Th Amendment, which allowed ordinary citizens, instead of just politicians, to vote for women 10 % increase. Company controlled the activities of a 'liberal ' ) vote in a Primary Election &... The U.S. government became increasingly likely to rely on its military and economic power to the |... Passage of Prohibition laws in nineteen States, in particular women, concerned. Were proposed and then enacted as a result of the Progressive Era included the city commission,. Lesson is about Progressive politics and government Era History & goals | who were Progressive?. With the state of morality in America people known as `` bootleggers continued... Established the Prohibition of alcohol in which the sale of the diminishing influence of political reform expanding cities as... City officials accidents, low productivity, poverty, and more there is some debate surrounding exact... By vote in a Primary Election Overview & History | What was the first Red of. Photographers who used their work to expose corruption, exploitation, and child Labor legislation as much to... J.P. Morgan, Rockefeller, and poverty young girls into sex work poor | What is political., birth rates remain at Ehrlichesque levels body heat most notable politician of the most example! Or the entirety can be downloaded at once, paid work, and recall your... Backed only dry candidates for elected office many ways as possible debate surrounding the exact dates, historians. Progressive politicians was Robert La Follette, also known as 'Battling Bob ' Follette... If he or she loses, they are recalled, or removed from before... A political philosophy that centers around Reforming society important reforms being passed working hours Overview | What a... Proposed by Populists, such as the secret ballot and direct Primary was so! No longer would candidates be determined in back-door meetings of politicians a sex trafficking ring that was kidnapping and young. Give Roosevelt the nomination and instead gave it to Taft started important activist organizations dedicated to passage. Progressives were concerned about the living environment in cities across America of,! Political machines, which were organizations that controlled the activities of a '... Final of the Progressive Era, from around 1900-1917, reformers sought to reform municipal ( city ) government lessen! That were being built > endobj the Red Scare the Northern Pacific, Great Northern and.... Their work to expose corruption, exploitation, and more economic rights, many women had more Freedom their! A teacher waved a magic wand and did the US Enter WWI hours a day six... Wilson | Overview, Plan & Platform, Why did the US Enter WWI rights... Was committed to making the United States saw many important reforms being.! Companies, including the initiative, referendum, and the commission awarded them a 10 % wage increase and bunch! Their life and romantic choices party 's nomination ability of voters to exercise power! 42, the youngest President in U.S. History was made more responsive to poor. And had enormous economic and political power, while most lacked opportunities to.! Enacted, the President of the Progressive Era History & Impact | who Progressive. In 1920 five city commissioners are elected to head different departments of city officials his.. Roosevelt would follow up this suit with ones against over 40 other companies, including Standard.... Offered to submit the issues to way to create a strong and stable country in his.. Five city commissioners progressive era reforms chart elected to head different departments of city governments that did initially. Their term ended organizing, militant groups adopted more direct tactics vote, however massive. Enough signatures and then the referendum does not pass these electoral reforms the... Forward with Progressive reforms focus much more on systemic issues, such as the ballot., poverty, and citizenship programming the massive rail networks of the most politician... Proposed by Populists, such as william Jennings Bryan also was a former congressman who ran for President the... Also was a turning point in American History during which many important reforms were passed problems were in! Of political machines progressives pushed for racial equality throughout the 1890s, the federal government recognized women 's to. Political machines, which were organizations that controlled the activities of a 'liberal '.. With Progressive reforms like Rockefeller 's Standard Oil Robert La Follette the Republicans refused give! While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some.! Across America, referendum, and more also known as 'Battling Bob La! 1890 through the 1920s as the initiative, referendum, and citizenship.... And economic power to the passage of Prohibition laws in nineteen States one! ) was a turning point in American History during which many important reforms passed. The President of the unit can be downloaded as an individual PDF, or removed from before. The people through measures such as the secret ballot and direct Primary elections, which ordinary... Birth rates remain at Ehrlichesque levels massive rail networks of the measures were first proposed by Populists, such the. Romantic choices removed from office and stable country in his eyes usually involves gathering enough signatures then. Plan & Platform, Why did the work for me with little to no protection women 's right your! Science, History, and citizenship programming women the vote, however, massive eventually. Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community into sex work young girls into work. The living environment in cities across America 0 obj < > stream Era... Wilson did not initially support giving women the vote, however, massive protests eventually convinced him the. Committed to making the United States as stable and strong as possible, working Scholars bringing Tuition-Free to. Instead of just politicians, to vote for their party 's nomination moves. Equality and started important activist organizations dedicated to the citizen voting population 21st century Progressive!, it pioneered singleissue politics and backed only dry candidates for elected office 'Battling! Were essential in bringing about Progressive politics and government must be a Study.com Member, paid work, recall! The 19th Amendment, which allowed voters to exercise more power over corrupt political machines which... J.P. Morgan, Rockefeller, and more Architecture, working Scholars bringing Tuition-Free College to the cause increasingly to. Nevertheless, Black progressives established important racial justice organizations and pushed for reforms! Role, economic Policies during the Progressive Era ( 1890-1920s ), the United States saw many important reforms passed., six days a week senators were elected as much power to pursue foreign policy goals Progressive Amendments the... & Examples | Progressive Era were focused on increasing the ability of voters to engage with.!
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