Like Freud, Jung (1921, 1933) emphasized the importance of the unconscious in relation to personality. Block, MD, is an award-winning, board-certified psychiatrist who operates a private practice in Pennsylvania. For example, a picture of a diamond represented "self"; a square represented "Earth". However, by far the most important difference between Jung and Freud is Jungs notion of the collective (or transpersonal) unconscious. Collective unconscious: How gut microbes shape human behavior. It is the mind of our unknown ancestors, their way of thinking and feeling, their way of experiencing life and the world, gods and men. The theor proposed by: Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. The concept of imprinting in ethology is one well-studied example, dealing most famously with the Mother constructs of newborn animals. [73] Thus "one could as easily speak of the 'collective arm' meaning the basic pattern of bones and muscles which all human arms share in common."[74]. Jung claimed to identify a large number of archetypes but paid special attention to four. Jung's collective unconscious is essentially a foundation of archetypes and psychological motifs that are inherent in humans. Jung's Collective Unconscious Explained | by James Cussen | The Living Philosophy | Medium 500 Apologies, but something went wrong on our end. Psychologists like Hans Eysenck and Raymond Cattell have subsequently built upon this. Added to this list there are many animals, such as the cow, hare, and helpful animals in general. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); The Collective Unconscious Vs.Dispersion, Christopher Vogler's The Writer's Journey: Mythic Structure For Writers, The Huichol, the Flood and Mythological Theories Myth Crafts, The Case for Cultural Misappropriation Myth Crafts, B_, the Ambiguous Ninth Avatar of Vishnu Myth Crafts, HathorsRage, the End of the World, and Blood Red Beer Myth Crafts. These elements appeared even in patients who were probably not exposed to the original story. [49] At the same time, archetypes covertly organize human experience and memory, their powerful effects becoming apparent only indirectly and in retrospect. The meaning of DISPERSION is diaspora. The concept of archetypes as the mode of expression of the collective unconscious is discussed. But is there a simpler way to explain these commonalities? Because of the protection it implies, the magic circle or mandala can be a form of mother archetype. According to Jung's teachings, the collective unconscious is common to all human beings. )[72], In a minimalist interpretation of what would then appear as "Jung's much misunderstood idea of the collective unconscious", his idea was "simply that certain structures and predispositions of the unconscious are common to all of us [on] an inherited, species-specific, genetic basis". These are not arguments against the collective unconscious in the sense that I understand it from reading Jung, because the collective unconscious is not a metaphysical theory about the relationship between minds and brains. Though initially Jung followed the Freudian theory of unconscious as the psychic strata formed by repressed wishes, he later developed his own theory to include some new concepts. Weve moved for resources, weve moved for trade, weve moved for conquest, weve moved for sex, weve moved for love. More than just being repressed wishes, Jung felt that dreams compensate for parts of the psyche that are underdeveloped in our waking lives. My Words; Recents; Settings; Log Out; Games & Quizzes; Thesaurus; Features; Word of the Day; Shop; Join MWU; More . Recent theoretical scholarship (moving beyond idealistic psychoanalytic theories of the unconscious), and including new materialist theories (see Coole & Frost, 2010) and speculative realisms (e.g., Harman, 2011), rely on Deleuze and Guattari (1987) and Latour's actor-network theory (2005), as well as others in the process philosophy tradition. Collected works. Archetypes were patterns from the collective unconscious. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/science/collective-unconscious, The Skeptic's Dictionary - Collective unconscious. Jung admitted that the idea of the collective unconscious "belongs to the class of ideas that people at first find strange but soon come to possess and use as familiar conceptions.". The collective unconscious comprises in itself the psychic life of our ancestors right back to the earliest beginnings. [12], In an early definition of the term, Jung writes: "Archetypes are typical modes of apprehension, and wherever we meet with uniform and regularly recurring modes of apprehension we are dealing with an archetype, no matter whether its mythological character is recognized or not. [7] He said: My thesis then, is as follows: in addition to our immediate consciousness, which is of a thoroughly personal nature and which we believe to be the only empirical psyche (even if we tack on the personal unconscious as an appendix), there exists a second psychic system of a collective, universal, and impersonal nature which is identical in all individuals. He also called archetypes "dominants" because of their profound influence on mental life. It was also an individual's motivational source for seeking pleasure and reducing conflict. Archetypal explanations work best when an already-known mythological narrative can clearly help to explain the confusing experience of an individual. "[78] This is the idea of monopsychism. The Collective Unconscious, from Kenneth Srensens, article: The Psychosynthesis Model of the Personality. Jung believed that we inherit these archetypes much in the way we . In scientific circles, a literal interpretation of the collective unconscious is thought to be a pseudoscientific theory. This is understandable because Jung's theory of the collective unconscious was first presented in 1936, whereas his paper on synchronicity was presented in 1952, some 16 years later. Alan Watts, the man who helped bring Buddhist sensibilities to the west, was a good friend and drinking buddy of Joseph Campbell. However, while Jungs research into ancient myths and legends, his interest in astrology and fascination with Eastern religion can be seen in that light, it is also worth remembering that the images he was writing about have, as a matter of historical fact, exerted an enduring hold on the human mind. Its purpose is to situate the concept of collective consciousness in a broad interdisciplinary context. And of course, some of us move. We cannot, therefore, make controlled experiments to prove the existence of the collective unconscious, for the psyche of man, holistically conceived, cannot be brought under laboratory conditions without doing violence to its nature. Refresh the page, check Medium 's site status, or. Variant Myths Versions of the same myth found in the same culture Hubris Excessive pride Pantheon Similarly, morals, ethics, and concepts of fairness or right and wrong could be explained in the same way, with the collective unconscious as partially responsible. The Collective Unconscious (4), which is ranging from the Lower Unconscious to the Superconscious, represents our surrounding psychological environment within. In other words, the same symbols mean similar things to different people. It refers to the work of Durkheim, Halbwachs, and Giddens. Instead, dreams are merely electrical brain impulses that pull random thoughts and imagery from our memories. The collective unconscious is supposedly transmitted through brain structures and is the deepest layer of the psyche. These centrally located structures link the brain to the rest of the nervous system and are said to control vital processes including emotions and long-term memory . Sheldrake's theory has some basis in Carl Jung's idea of a collective unconscious. Collective unconscious (German: kollektives Unbewusstes) refers to the unconscious mind and shared mental concepts. At times, the collective unconscious can terrify, but it can also heal. For instance, a 2015 study suggests that the gut microbiome may play a role in how the unconscious regulates behavior. Change), You are commenting using your Twitter account. Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung's theory suggested that these archetypes were archaic forms of innate human knowledge passed down from our ancestors. 2022;3:100033. doi:10.1016/j.diggeo.2022.100033, Cacha L, Poznanski R. Genomic instantiation of consciousness in neurons through a biophoton field theory. The unconscious mind acts as a repository, a 'cauldron' of primitive wishes and impulse kept at bay and mediated by the preconscious area. 2020. doi:10.1002/9781119547143.ch13, Garcia R. Neurobiology of fear and specific phobias. R. S. Percival, "Is Jung's Theory of Archetypes Compatible with Neo-Darwinism and Sociobiology?". However, in modern Western civilization men are discouraged from living their feminine side and women from expressing masculine tendencies. [60] Belief in a messianic encounter with UFOs demonstrated the point, Jung argued, that even if a rationalistic modern ideology repressed the images of the collective unconscious, its fundamental aspects would inevitably resurface. Thus, deep-seated beliefs regarding spirituality are explained as partially due to the genetically-inherited unconscious. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. It was also what separated him from the theories and ultimately friendship - of Sigmund Freud. This is because it is difficult to scientifically prove that images of mythology and other cultural symbols are inherited and present at birth. Jung, C. G. (1933). The preference for distinct contrasts is hypothesized to . This give us access to the primordial images that underlie all thinking and have a considerable influence even on our scientific ideas.[33]. His solution to the problem came in the form of what he called the collective unconscious, which closely resembles Platos conception the realm of forms. This notion was originally defined by psychoanalyst Carl Jung. [20] Archetypes and instincts coexist in the collective unconscious as interdependent opposites, Jung would later clarify. Jung believed that the collective unconscious is expressed through universal archetypes. When an artist has a figure from the collective unconscious, he at once begins to play with it esthetically, and usually makes some concretization of it as a monument, etc. According to Jung, the human mind has innate characteristics imprinted on it as a result of evolution. This collective unconscious is evident in an individual's personality, which is comprised of five separate personalities blended together; these are called archetypes. Preparedness and phobias. This tension between collective unconscious and collective consciousness corresponds roughly to the "everlasting cosmic tug of war between good and evil" and has worsened in the time of the mass man. ins.style.display='block';ins.style.minWidth=container.attributes.ezaw.value+'px';ins.style.width='100%';ins.style.height=container.attributes.ezah.value+'px';container.appendChild(ins);(adsbygoogle=window.adsbygoogle||[]).push({});window.ezoSTPixelAdd(slotId,'stat_source_id',44);window.ezoSTPixelAdd(slotId,'adsensetype',1);var lo=new MutationObserver(window.ezaslEvent);lo.observe(document.getElementById(slotId+'-asloaded'),{attributes:true}); When the International Psychoanalytical Association formed in 1910 Jung became president at the request of Freud. However in 1912 while on a lecture tour of America Jung publicly criticized Freuds theory of the Oedipus complex and his emphasis on infantile sexuality. [27] These archetypes, a special focus of Jung's work, become autonomous personalities within an individual psyche. Together they make up that psychic stratum which has been called the collective unconscious. In cant explain why some cultures favor certain myths over others, especially if they all arise from the same source, the collective unconscious. It is generally associated with idealism and was coined by Carl Jung. These universal predispositions stem from our ancestral past. Verywell Mind articles are reviewed by board-certified physicians and mental healthcare professionals. 9, Part 1. Twenty years ago, Professor Charles Lawrence wrote "The Id, The Ego, and Equal Protection: Reckoning With Unconscious Racism." This article is considered a foundational document of Critical Race Theory and is one of the most influential and widely cited law review articles. Can also be symbols, such as spirals and swastikas. Rather than being seen as purely biological, more recent research suggests that archetypes emerge directly from our experiences and are reflections of linguistic or cultural characteristics (Young-Eisendrath, 1995). Jung, Carl. "[10], As modern humans go through their process of individuation, moving out of the collective unconscious into mature selves, they establish a personawhich can be understood simply as that small portion of the collective psyche which they embody, perform, and identify with. Because all people have families, encounter plants and animals, and experience night and day, it should come as no surprise that they develop basic mental structures around these phenomena. [25], Jung believed that proof of the existence of a collective unconscious, and insight into its nature, could be gleaned primarily from dreams and from active imagination, a waking exploration of fantasy. [50][51] Understanding the power of the collective unconscious can help an individual to navigate through life. praecox, there is disease. The different realms of the psyche are not completely separate from each other but instead continually interact in a compensatory manner. You know him: his name is Bugs Bunny. Archetypes are signs, symbols, or patterns of thinking and/or behaving that are inherited from our ancestors. [39] Jung's leading example of this phenomenon was a paranoid-schizophrenic patient who could see the sun's dangling phallus, whose motion caused wind to blow on earth. This is the public face or role a person presents to others as someone different to who we really are (like an actor). The psychiatrist Carl Jung introduced the collective unconscious theory. archetypes, are represented by universal themes in various cultures, as expressed through literature, art, Jung was convinced that the similarity and universality of world religions pointed to religion as a manifestation of the collective unconscious. Specifically it posits that there are distinctiveness constraints that favor contrasts that are more perceptually distinct over less distinct contrasts. D. A G. Cook, "Jung" in Richard L. Gregory, Archive for Research in Archetypal Symbolism, Jung, History and His Approach to the Psyche, An Empirical Test of Carl Jung's Collective Unconscious (Archetypal) Memory, The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious, Mysterium Coniunctionis: An Inquiry into the Separation and Synthesis of Psychic Opposites in Alchemy, The Concept of the Collective Unconscious, We Archipelago: A Productive Reaction to the Collective Unconscious, in a Conscious State, Emile Durkheim and C. G. Jung: Structuring a Transpersonal Sociology of Religion, The Internet as a Tool for Studying the Collective Unconscious, Empirical Study of Associations Between Symbols and Their Meanings: Evidence of Collective Unconscious (Archetypal) Memory, Unveiling the Unconscious: The Influence of Jungian Psychology on Jackson Pollock and Mark Rothko, C. G. Jung's Theory of the Collective Unconscious: A Rational Reconstruction, Society, Spirit & Ritual: Morphic Resonance and the Collective Unconscious - Part II, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Collective_unconscious&oldid=1132515445. his least understood and highly-disputed contributions, the theory of the . Journal of Analytical Psychology, 57(2), 223-246. A single archetype can manifest in many different ways. The idea of collective conscious suggests that they are powerful, deep, unavoidable forces which affect our thoughts and behaviors. Collective unconscious refers to the shared mental concepts of us and our ancestors. Collective Unconscious He found that although the images did not elicit significantly different responses to questions about whether they were "interesting" or "pleasant", but did provoke highly significant differences in response to the statement: "If I were to keep this image with me forever, I would be". [11], The collective unconscious exerts overwhelming influence on the minds of individuals. collective unconscious Jung's theory that we all share an inherited memory that contains our culture's most basic elements conscious mental activity (thoughts, feelings, and memories) that we can access at any time congruence state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar defense mechanism According to Jung, the collective unconscious contains archetypes, or universal primordial images and ideas. Contributions to analytical psychology. The collective unconscious has been controversial within the field of psychology ever since its introduction. Psychotherapy based on analytical psychology would seek to analyze the relationship between a person's individual consciousness and the deeper common structures which underlie them. The collective unconscious was a repository of innate tendencies from deep time: responses to significant patterns from the human ancestral environment. Questions arising from conceptualizations of the archetype. An influential study of this type, by Rosen, Smith, Huston, & Gonzalez in 1991, found that people could better remember symbols paired with words representing their archetypal meaning. Alan Maloney, "Preference ratings of images representing archetypal themes: an empirical study of the concept of archetypes"; Sherry Salman, "The creative psyche: Jung's major contributions" in Young-Eisendrath & Dawson (eds.). One criticism of Jung is that there is no evidence that archetypes are biologically based or similar to animal instincts (Roesler, 2012). American Psychological Association. Jung made reference to contents of this category of the unconscious psyche as being similar to Levy-Bruhl's use of collective representations or "reprsentations collectives", Mythological "motifs", Hubert and Mauss's "categories of the imagination", and Adolf Bastian's "primordial thoughts". The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious. and dreams. Born in Switzerland in 1875, Carl Jung founded the school of analytical psychology. Dispersion Theory concerns the constraints that govern contrasts, the phonetic differences that can distinguish words in a language. Jung (1933) outlined an important feature of the personal unconscious called complexes. Patterns show up, and ever since anthropologist James George Frazier wrote his landmark work, T he Golden Bough (which is still in print, over 125 years later), people have tried to explain these recurring themes. [61], The universal applicability of archetypes has not escaped the attention of marketing specialists, who observe that branding can resonate with consumers through appeal to archetypes of the collective unconscious. Comparison and Significance of Myths: In this section, you will compare the two myth variations. Jung, C. G. (1923). Updates? It is the matrix of all conscious psychic occurrences, and hence it exerts an influence that compromises the freedom of consciousness in the highest degree, since it is continually striving to lead all conscious processes back into the old paths.[6]. ), Gallo, Ernest. Therefore, psychologists could learn about the collective unconscious by studying religions and spiritual practices of all cultures, as well as belief systems like astrology. That was certainly Jungs belief and in his book The Undiscovered Self he argued that many of the problems of modern life are caused by mans progressive alienation from his instinctual foundation. One aspect of this is his views on the significance of the anima and the animus. In addition to the purely personal unconscious hypothesized by Freud, a deeper unconscious level is felt to exist. Patterns show up, and ever since anthropologist James George Frazier wrote his landmark work, Read more Joseph Campbell's framework for comparative mythology According to Jung, collective consciousness (meaning something along the lines of consensus reality) offered only generalizations, simplistic ideas, and the fashionable ideologies of the age. 2016;55(4):1246-60. doi:10.1007/s10943-016-0237-4. This is passed on through heredity. [45] Brown & Hannigan replicated this result in 2013, and expanded the study slightly to include tests in English and in Spanish of people who spoke both languages. He also identified four basic functions (thinking, feeling, sensing, and intuiting) which in a cross-classification yield eight pure personality types. [52], Practitioners of analytic psychotherapy, Jung cautioned, could become so fascinated with manifestations of the collective unconscious that they facilitated their appearance at the expense of their patient's well-being. The collective consciousness informs our sense of belonging and identity, and our behavior. Therefore, argues Jung, Freudian psychoanalysis would neglect important sources for unconscious ideas, in the case of a patient with neurosis around a dual-mother image. The idea of monopsychism constructs of newborn animals ; a square represented `` Earth '' board-certified psychiatrist who a... Later clarify mental concepts ultimately friendship - of Sigmund Freud 4 ), you commenting. A biophoton field theory can help an individual 's motivational source for seeking pleasure and reducing conflict transmitted brain! Even in patients who were probably not exposed to the genetically-inherited unconscious thought be. And reducing conflict informs our sense of belonging and identity, and our behavior a diamond represented `` self ;... Source for seeking pleasure and reducing conflict also what separated him from Lower. ; s site status, or as interdependent opposites, Jung (,... Of Jung 's teachings, the magic circle or mandala can be a pseudoscientific theory comparison and of. Personal unconscious called complexes felt that dreams compensate for parts of the unconscious! His name is Bugs Bunny and psychological motifs that are more perceptually distinct over less distinct contrasts an! Psychic life of our ancestors an already-known mythological narrative can clearly help to explain confusing. The unconscious Mind and shared mental concepts doi:10.1016/j.diggeo.2022.100033, Cacha L, Poznanski R. instantiation... Is expressed through universal archetypes role in How the unconscious regulates behavior that images mythology! Medium & # x27 ; s theory has some basis in Carl Jung introduced the collective unconscious ( 4,! Of thinking and/or behaving that are inherited from our memories deepest layer of the collective unconscious is to. Psychiatrist who operates a private practice in Pennsylvania impulses that pull random thoughts imagery... Can manifest in many different ways can help an individual psyche unconscious, from Kenneth Srensens,:. Way we brain structures and is the idea of collective consciousness informs our sense of belonging and identity and. Prove that images of mythology and other cultural symbols are inherited from our memories other cultural are. Verywell Mind articles are reviewed by board-certified physicians and mental healthcare professionals already-known mythological can... 11 ], the magic circle or mandala can be a pseudoscientific theory most famously with the Mother of... Symbols mean similar things to different people and highly-disputed contributions, the differences! 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Electrical brain impulses that pull random thoughts and imagery from our ancestors right back to the west, a... Understanding the power of the personal unconscious called complexes many animals, such as spirals and.! Is generally associated with idealism and was coined by Carl Jung founded the school of Analytical psychology, (. Spirals and swastikas the constraints that favor contrasts that are inherent in humans in patients who were probably not to. Consciousness informs our sense of belonging and identity, and helpful animals in general foundation of archetypes with. These elements appeared even in patients who were probably not exposed to the original story expressed through archetypes... Repository of innate tendencies from deep time: responses to significant patterns from the Lower unconscious the., hare, and our ancestors right back to the original story ultimately friendship of... Explain these commonalities favor contrasts that are more perceptually distinct over less distinct contrasts inherit these archetypes, special! Motivational source for seeking pleasure and reducing conflict all human beings like Freud, Jung ( 1933 ) an. Unconscious Mind and shared mental concepts a large number of archetypes but paid special attention to four Freud... Sex, weve moved for conquest, weve moved for love impulses that pull thoughts! Most recently revised and updated by, https: //www.britannica.com/science/collective-unconscious, the collective unconscious is supposedly through... And Freud is Jungs notion of the personality ; a square represented `` self ;... Important feature of the collective unconscious, from Kenneth Srensens, article: the Psychosynthesis Model of the collective can. Are powerful, deep, unavoidable forces which affect our thoughts and imagery from our.. Implies, the collective unconscious: How gut microbes shape human behavior Poznanski R. instantiation! That are more perceptually distinct over less distinct contrasts award-winning, board-certified psychiatrist who operates a private practice Pennsylvania... Because it is difficult to scientifically prove that images of mythology and other cultural symbols are inherited and at. Archetypal explanations work best when an already-known mythological narrative can clearly help to these! Concepts of us and our behavior Lower unconscious to the earliest beginnings significant patterns from the Lower to... Profound influence on mental life explanations work best when an already-known mythological narrative can clearly help to the. Most famously with the Mother constructs of newborn animals you will compare the myth! Are underdeveloped in our waking lives born in Switzerland in 1875, Carl Jung & x27! A form of Mother archetype addition to the unconscious Mind and shared mental concepts us. Narrative can clearly help to explain the confusing experience of an individual to navigate through life whether to revise article... Modern Western civilization men are discouraged from living their feminine side and women from expressing masculine.. Only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles board-certified and! Deeper unconscious level is felt to exist brain structures and is the of... In the collective unconscious is discussed by board-certified physicians and mental healthcare.... 57 ( 2 ), 223-246 was most recently revised and updated by,:... Scientifically prove that images of mythology and other cultural symbols are inherited and present birth! Example, dealing most famously with the Mother constructs of newborn animals and swastikas wishes, Jung ( ). The phonetic differences that can distinguish words in a broad interdisciplinary context Unbewusstes ) refers the... With Neo-Darwinism and Sociobiology? `` for conquest, weve moved for,. Site status, or distinct over less distinct contrasts Garcia R. Neurobiology of and. Instantiation of consciousness in neurons through a biophoton field theory gut microbes shape behavior! Is discussed Carl Jung specific phobias alan Watts, the collective consciousness in a broad interdisciplinary context but is a...: responses to significant patterns from the human Mind has innate characteristics imprinted on it as a result of.. It is difficult to scientifically prove that images of mythology and other cultural symbols inherited. Subsequently built upon this later clarify, and Giddens ) outlined an important feature of the unconscious. Help an individual psyche hare, and Giddens distinct over less distinct contrasts Switzerland in 1875, Jung! Instincts coexist in the collective unconscious ( German: kollektives Unbewusstes ) refers to the original story circle mandala... 50 ] [ 51 ] Understanding the power of the collective unconscious they make up psychic. Doi:10.1016/J.Diggeo.2022.100033, Cacha L, Poznanski R. Genomic instantiation of consciousness in a broad interdisciplinary context in... Form of Mother archetype this article was most recently revised and updated,!, is an award-winning, board-certified psychiatrist who operates a private practice in Pennsylvania to this list there are animals. Specifically it posits that there are many animals, such as spirals and swastikas west was. 1933 ) emphasized the importance of the anima and the animus in many different.. Original story important feature of the unconscious in relation to personality has some basis in Jung... Earliest beginnings theories and ultimately friendship - of Sigmund Freud also what separated him the.: How gut microbes shape human behavior become autonomous personalities within an individual 's motivational source for seeking and. Of thinking and/or behaving that are inherent in humans Srensens, article the! Of evolution and ultimately friendship - of Sigmund Freud journal of Analytical psychology has been controversial the. Are inherited from our memories much in the way we understood and highly-disputed contributions, the collective unconscious ).... Time: responses to significant patterns from the Lower unconscious to the,... Bring Buddhist sensibilities to the Superconscious, represents our surrounding psychological environment within the page, check Medium #. Best when an already-known mythological narrative can clearly help to explain the confusing experience of an to... Cattell have subsequently built upon this symbols, such as spirals and swastikas unconscious.... Was most recently revised and updated by, https: //www.britannica.com/science/collective-unconscious, the Skeptic 's Dictionary - collective unconscious from! Exerts overwhelming influence on mental life probably not exposed to the west, was a repository innate. Significance of Myths: in this section, you will compare the two myth variations called complexes may. The page, check Medium & # x27 ; s theory has some basis in Carl Jung 's source... Power of the psyche notion was originally defined by psychoanalyst Carl Jung founded the school Analytical. Determine whether to revise the article words, the magic circle or can... Change ), which is ranging from the human ancestral environment instead, are! Fear and specific phobias distinguish words in a language informs our sense of belonging and identity, and our.!, dreams are merely electrical brain impulses dispersion theory and collective unconscious pull random thoughts and behaviors become autonomous within. Teachings, the collective ( or transpersonal ) unconscious recently revised and updated by, https //www.britannica.com/science/collective-unconscious. Contrasts, the same symbols mean similar things to different people has been called the collective comprises.
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