Case studies, questionnaires, laboratory experiments, and interviews. Outline potential strengths and weaknesses of these theories. it is supported by many studies, such as Thompson (1975) and Munroe et al (1984), A weakness of this theory is that the theory is simply descriptive rather than explanatory. The biological approach towards gender development suggests that there is no distinction between sex and gender. Clarify biological factors and how they relate to gender in psychology. Explain how Horney theorized gender and how her theory applies to gender in psychology. As mentioned, these types of experiences (basic evil) lead to maladaptive development which was theorized to occur because the individual begins to believe that, if their parent did not love them then no one could love them. A child's interests and behavior is influenced by the parent or the authority . Both describe how specific cognitive skills and thought processes can affect how our gender identity develops. You can also view an educational YouTube video that summarizes Davids case (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JfeGf4Ei7F0) as well as a short clip from an Oprah show in which Davids family appears on (linked here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vz_7EQWZjmM). Upload unlimited documents and save them online. DES was designed to mimic estrogen, and it does; however, it has many negative side effects that estrogen does not. They focus on the ways in which children attend to and then process and organise this information, and have in common a justifiable emphasis on the active role of children in shaping their own development; they are not simply passive respondents to stereotyped information that is imposed upon them. She died shortly after this interrogation on May 28, 1936. What are the two cognitive theories of gender development? In males, testosterone levels rise sharply, developing secondary sexual characteristics such as facial hair and a deeper voice. This theory tends to be more supported, compared to sex-based theories (Bevan, 2017). 4.3.1. Cognitive studies use a range of methods such as case studies, questionnaires, lab experiments and interviews to find out about what thought patterns we have and what these mean for us. Think about that for a moment infants are recognizing and matching gender before they can ever talk! If we are angry at someone, we may engage in physical or relational aggression to alleviate this stimulation. Children get physical and psychological characteristics from their parents which becomes a part of their personalities. It explores how creativity is initiated by design cognition and explains relationships between style and creativity. When one twin is transgender, it is more likely that the other twin is transgender as well. Clarify how psychoanalysis relates to gender development. Cognitive approaches focus on our thought processes, and how they can explain our behaviors and certain psychological phenomena. Schemas are essentially outlines cognitive templates that we follow, if you will. The gender of the child, while in the developed countries, does not impact as much as it does in developing countries. Lerne mit deinen Freunden und bleibe auf dem richtigen Kurs mit deinen persnlichen Lernstatistiken. Our biological sex is determined at birth by our 23rd chromosome. Really, this area falls into two subcategories: prenatal hormonal exposure and prenatal toxin exposure. However, in the Genital stage, Freud theorized that this is a time in which adolescents experiment sexually and begin to settle into romantic relationships. Horney developed a Neo-Freudian theory of personality development that recognized some points of Freuds theory as acceptable, but also criticized his theory as being overly biased toward the male. Because most children desire to belong, they begin to identify with their gendered group, view it positively, and seek information about behaving more like members of their group. The biosocial approach (Money & Ehrhardt, 1972) is an interactionist approach where by nature and nurture both play a role in gender development. Morgan1023. View PSY_Gender from PSYCH MISC at Central Piedmont Community College. We also get direct instruction on how to behave as well. Give examples that support your conclusion. These infants are then raised as girls, but often become gender nonconforming. Parents even respond to a child differently, based on their gender. A strength of Kohlberg's theory is that many studies support it, e.g. The last part of the personality to develop is the superego, which represents societys expectations, moral standards, rules, and represents our conscience. Moreover, when females are exposed to higher levels of testosterone, they engage in more male-typical play (e.g., preference for trucks over dolls, active play over quiet), rather than female-typical play compared to their counterparts (Hines et al., 2002; Klubeck, Fuentes, Kim-Prieto, 2017; Pasterski et al., 2005). And lastly, we took a brief look at various biological explanations of gender development. Children used gender schemas and gravitated to gender-normed toys. Thus, there are natural reasons to not intertwine and to instead segregate (Bussey, 2014). For example, boys preferred toys that an adult labeled as boy toys. The cognitive-developmental theory of gender development suggests that children adjust their view of gender based on the new information they receive as they mature. Teachers also tend to praise boys and girls for different behaviors. The two cognitive theories of development are the Kohlbergs theory (1966) and the gender schema theory (1981). Just as there are biological influences on gender development, there are also social influences on gender development. Think about it, if you have an outline for a test that told you that the shortest answer is always the right answer, you would not even have to study. We then jumped into social-based theories of social learning theory and social-cognitive theory. of the users don't pass the Cognitive Explanations of Gender Development quiz! Theories that suggest that gender identity development is universal across cultures (e.g., Eastern versus Western cultures, etc.) We will then take a very detailed look at various factors that impact gender socialization while also uncovering two common social theories social learning theory and social cognitive theory. Not only that they can pair male and female voices with male and female faces (known as intermodal gender knowledge; Poulin-Dubois, Serbin, Kenyon, & Derbyshire, 1994). Fig. Boys, however, are encouraged to be more active, and there is certainly more of a focus on academic achievements (Torino, 2017). Within this theory, it is assumed that children actively create their schemas about gender by keeping or discarding information obtained through their experiences in their environment (Dinella, 2017). Freud theorized that healthy development leads to the sexual drive being released through heterosexual intercourse; however, fixations or incomplete resolutions of conflict in this stage may lead to sexual atypicalities (e.g., preference for oral sex rather than intercourse, homosexual relations, etc. We can be genetically predisposed to many things such as mental illness, cancer, heart conditions, etc. The second approach is socialization, whereby one theory will be examined: social learning theory. This theory is most obvious when individuals are predisposed to a gender that does not align with biological sex, also referred to as transgender. As children watch and observe, they learn what behaviours are associated with the gender they identify with. Epigenetics does not look at DNA, but rather things that may impact DNA mutations or the expression of DNA. As theories have expanded, it has become clearer that socialization of gender occurs. And, generally, boys are more rigid, and girls are more flexible with gender stereotypes (Blakemore et al., 2009). This approach believes that biological sex creates gendered behaviour. The Oedipus complex is traditionally used to describe the development of boys. How do Martin and Halverson believe that gender develops? That is feedback that her behavior is not gender-normative and she then may change the behavior she engages in. Did you know that infants can differentiate between male and female faces and voices in their first year of life (typically between 6-12 months of age; Fagan, 1976; Miller, 1983)? Factors influencing learning in late life, appropriate teaching and learning strategies, and health literacy are also discussed. Schemas are abstract cognitive structures, like a mental toolbox containing information about various things. As such, the idea was that one must uncover these subconscious events through talk therapy. Her symptoms appeared as she cared for her dying father, and her mother called on Breuer to diagnosis her condition (note that Freud never actually treated her). Socially sensitive: A potential negative consequence of biological explanations of gender development is that it could reinforce harmful stereotypes. This theory also accounts for the entire lifespan when considering development, which is drastically different than earlier theories, such as psychodynamic theories, which focused on childhood and adolescence. The biological factors that impact the child's development significantly are, gender, physical health, mental health, and health practice. What did Liben and Signorella (1993) find in their study? That means we are not focusing on the anatomical/biological sex development of an individual, rather, we are focusing on how biological factors may impact gender development and gendered behavior. These theories can be generally divided into three families: biological, socialization, and cognitive. In general, media tends to portray males as more direct, assertive, muscular, in authority roles, and employed, whereas women tend to be portrayed as dependent, emotional, low in status, in the home rather than employed, and their appearance is often a focus. This phenomenon is called the social learning theory. If a boy sees his dad always doing lawn work, he may mimic this. If a little girl is playing with a truck and looks over and sees three girls playing with dolls, she may put the truck down and play with the dolls. 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