(1999). Correspondence to The logic of arguing has inspired the development of significant empirical research (e.g., Muller 2004; Bjola 2005; Leiteritz 2005; Mitzen 2005) and it is the foundation for some approaches to reasoning about social norms (the logic of consequences is also implicated in approaches that consider that actors reason about norms). Norms, identity, and their limits: A theoretical reprise. Liberty University International Relations Chapter Four: Theories of International Relations: Economic Structuralism, Constructivism, and Feminism Notes. International Organization, 53(3), 433468. The construction of social reality. Constructivist International Relations theorists tend to use concepts of socially constructed identities, ideas and norms to empirically and analytically examine . The ability to apprehend what is going on inside actors heads to understand motivations and interpretations is currently a matter for debate (Cederman and Daase 2003; Jackson 2004; Wendt 2004; Krebs and Jackson 2007) but, that debate notwithstanding, the notion that different actors within the same normative community i.e., a group structured by the same norm(s) could have different and contested understandings of that norm is at the foundation of the recent work on norm contestation. Mearsheimer, J. J., & Walt, S. M. (2003). International Relations is in Social Studies, thus this study field tries to theorize a model that could explain everything that is going on between countries. When actors follow the logic of arguing, they seek common understandings through discourse and dialogue. This logic structured seminal empirical work that endeavored to show how ideational and normative factors could explain puzzles in world politics (e.g., Klotz 1995; Finnemore 1996). The shared understandings given to objects are referred to as inter-subjective meanings, which Adler explains as collective knowledge (1997). In addition, rather than taking the external norm as given, recent socialization studies examine compliance with international norms as a process by which states (already normatively constituted) interact with, manipulate, and (sometimes) incorporate external ideas in a dynamic fashion. Hidden in plain sight: Constructivist treatment of social context and its limitations. International Organization, 48(2), 185214. Constructivist explanations of different phenomena related to the military can highlight how norms and identity come into play. Even among security communities such as the Nordic states, different strategic cultures can be found because they are informed by a range of historical and cultural experiences, with different experiences of war and conflict, membership of alliances, and other factors (see special issues of Cooperation and Conflict (2005) and Global Affairs (2018) for further discussions). Considering other factors to explain why states behave the way they do. Regional order and peaceful change: Security communities as a via media in international relations theory. (2008b). Critiques of constructivism tend to come from three areas: rationalist criticisms, issues over how constructivists see identity, and finally, criticism that constructivism is apolitical. What does it derive its name from (it's fundamental proposition)? The International Affairs Forum (2020), states that constructivists use both material and non-material explanations of social constructs. These initial works laid the theoretical foundation for an approach to world politics that included the assumption that important aspects of politics are socially constructed, a commitment to mutual constitution as an answer to the agent-structure problem, a dedication to the importance of intersubjective reality in contrast to objective/subjective realities, and a focus on ideational and identity factors in analyses of world politics. The UK and the USA are part of NATO, so share alliance membership, but have also stood shoulder to shoulder in conflicts like Afghanistan and Iraq in response to global terrorism, which both states understand to be an existential threat to their way of life. Meaning is socially constructed this epistemological claim suggests that depending on ones position and perspective, knowledge and meaning produce different interpretations (Guzzini 2005, p. 498). This study focuses on the definition of the social constructivism approach within the scope of International Relations (IR) theories and the discussions on this approach. It was first coined by Nicholas Onuf in 1989 in his book " The World of our making " where he put. Today's video is the third in our IR 101 series in which we discu. A further example of norm erosion can be seen in the norm against the use of torture. International Theory, 4(3), 449468. Theories of International Relations. It is through human agreement that a piece of paper, metal, or even cryptocurrency is seen as a form of money, which is assigned a certain value (Searle 1995, pp. In addition to considering how the two types of norm dynamics are related, the current norms literature brings traditional open questions in constructivism into sharp relief. They consider that actors can stand outside a normative structure to consider options. ), The culture of national security: Norms and identity in world politics (pp. As Koschut (2014, p. 525) explains, this can transform the behaviour of states from a self-help manner to trust-building. Think here about realist logic at the end of the Cold War with the demise of bipolarity, NATO should have gone the same way as the Warsaw Pact. The second big claim of constructivism is that ideas matter with rationalist theorizing, material factors take precedence. Security communities. Social phenomenon such as states, alliances or international institutions, are not thought to exist independent of human meaning and action. From this perspective, the logic of appropriateness, as it was developed through engagement with the logic of consequences foil, allowed the socially constructed ideational/normative world to play a role by providing cues as to what behaviors were appropriate. On the contrary, the two parts of the norms literature described above tend to find themselves on different ends of the reasoning about normsreasoning through norms spectrum. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Perhaps this is simply a matter of what questions are being asked. However, some scholars found the mode of action where actors consciously reason about what is appropriate to be a problematic foundation for constructivist thought. The causes of the Iraq war. Less explicit attention was paid to the alternative perspectives on socialization: processes by which groups are maintained, the manner in which the targets of socialization affect both the socializers and targets of socialization (see Acharya 2004; Ba 2006), or the socialization of reluctant powerful actors (Cortell and Davis 2006; Johnston 2008). The norms (both established and potential) meaning, constitutive properties, and behavioral strictures remain unchanged throughout the analysis (Van Kersbergen and Verbeek 2007). talk, follow norms, create rules, etc.). They demonstrated that constructivism consisted of more than a metatheoretical critique of rational/material approaches and could indeed be used to structure rigorous empirical investigations across the spectrum of issues in international relations. Giddens (1984:22) argued that social rules do not specify all the situations which an actor might meet with, nor could [they] do so; rather, [they] provide for the generalized capacity to respond to and influence an indeterminate range of social circumstances. Until recently this insight was often bracketed and it was assumed that norm acceptors follow the norms that structure their community relatively unproblematically. Conventional constructivists like Wendt see similarities between constructivism and rationalist perspectives and methodologies. In this sense, under a constructivist lens, key concepts like sovereignty and power can take on different meanings compared to how they are understood in realist frameworks or defense-oriented establishments. This suggests that there is something beyond the timeless wisdom of realism that offers only a tragic view of world politics that will never change. In A. M. Sookermany (Ed. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-saddam-idUSTRE56113O20090702. Birdsall, A. Ideational or even soft power the influence that is exerted that does not rely on hard power but rather attracts others to ideas and values (see Realist International Relations Theory and The Military by Schmidt in this volume) can be effective in global politics and choosing to go to war over ideas rather than material gains or even to not take advantage of material gain and an increase in power, serve as examples. Constructivism is the new approach to International Relations. Violation of the Geneva Conventions constitutes a war crime. Glanville, L. (2016). Shannon (2000:294) makes a sophisticated argument along these lines, claiming that due to the fuzzy nature of norms and situations, and due to the imperfect interpretation of such norms by human agency, oftentimes norms are what states (meaning state leaders) make of them. Such an interpretation of constructivist thought moves him to make a familiar argument about the split between norm-based and interest-based behavioral impulses (Shannon 2000:298302; Van Kersbergen and Verbeek 2007). Mlksoo, M. (2018). Yet the logic of appropriateness appears to cede the ground of purposeful, goal-oriented behavior to rationalist perspectives (whether it actually cedes this ground is an additional, and crucial question). 1820; see also Katzenstein 1996). Constructivism in international relations: The politics of reality. Koschut, S. (2014). Under a constructivist lens, the primacy of state survival in realist thought also undergoes reconsideration. The Constructivist Approach to Explain National Identity . Rebuttals to constructivist arguments used evidence of behavior that was inconsistent with the specific and unchanging strictures of norms in question to claim that nonconstructivist (usually material or rational) factors must be the driving catalyst of political behavior and outcomes (Shannon 2000). Constructivism demonstrates the flexibility and critical stance that characterizes the reflectivist theories by stressing the socially constructed aspect of international realities and highlighting the ever-changing nature of the study of International Relations. The Athenians demand that neutral Melos side with them against Sparta. Advance of Theory of Constructivism in IR The theory's rise is generally attributed after the end of cold war . The influence of Prussian philosopher Immanuel Kant (17241805) on constructivist thought can be seen regarding ideas about knowledge and objectivity, in that knowledge of the world is filtered through frameworks of understanding. While realists would argue that decision to go to war are based on rational state interests, constructivists would argue that the Geneva Convention represents the idea that war is a social and cultural practice and driven by moral considerations. (2006). But a constructivist reading of the Melian Dialogue (Lebow 2001) shows how ideas rather than material factors played a role in the decision of the Melians, even if the outcome was grim (Agius 2006). Social Constructivism Summary Notes. ), Handbook of military sciences (pp. Social constructivism is not among the most popular theoretical approaches used in forecasting in International Relations. Combining the beliefs, norms and values of influential individuals, as well as the state as a whole, creates its identity, which then influences its behaviors. 451497). New York: Columbia University Press. ), Constructing international relations: The next generation (pp. forthcoming). People who share an identification are then assumed to share unique traits and attributes. In international relations, constructivism is a social theory that asserts that significant aspects of international relations are shaped by ideational factors (which are historically and socially constructed), not simply material factors. How is it that western states like the UK, for example, do not fear thousands of nuclear weapons that the USA possesses, but worries about states like Iran or North Korea, who hold far fewer nuclear weapons? This was seen as a backward step and a challenge to the taboo norm that had developed over preceding decades. PS: Political Science and Politics, 50(1), 7174. Second, and more significantly, both the norm compliance and norm change research agendas engage seriously with notions of normative contestation, directly problematizing aspects of norm dynamics that tended to be held constant in earlier work. Constructivist security studies: Portrait of a research program. (1951). Treating norms as generic has been at the foundation of the recent shift towards the study of contestation. Perhaps more fundamentally from a feminist perspective, Locher and Prugl contend that the objectivist stance of many constructivist scholars is inconsistent with their social ontology. Where liberals would declare that the west won, proving capitalism and democracy were the only workable ways to organize societies, in a constructivist reading, the end of the Cold War was largely down to the changes that were taking place in the former Soviet Union under Gorbachev (Risse-Kappen 1994). The Risse, Ropp, and Sikkink volume developed the spiral model that explained socialization of recalcitrant Southern states into universal human rights norms by referring to the linkages between and actions of transnational human rights activists, domestic human rights activists in the target state, and powerful Western state sponsors. The first wave of empirical constructivist studies tended to freeze norms. 331336). London: Routledge. How shared culture and identity matters in international security can be illustrated with the example of nuclear weapons. 1 2. introduction "the focus of social constructivism is on human awareness or consciousness and its place in world affairs. Constructivism is relevant to military studies in numerous ways. Critical methodology and constructivism. Thucydides. Although the theory lies more on non-material factors that govern states, it explains that politics also plays a role in international relations. Some preexisting knowledge of speech act theory, constructivism, and securitization theory is useful before reading this chapter . Along with recent work on strategic social construction the idea that norms can be deployed in the service of interests (regardless of whether those interests are pre-given or socially constructed themselves) or at least shape strategic behavior (e.g., Barnett and Coleman 2004; Muller 2004; Nielson, Tierney, and Weaver 2006; Seabrooke 2006) the recent writing on compliance has made progress on questions left open by the initial wave of empirical norms research. Norm-breaking behavior may be evident but is only problematic for constructivist arguments if norms are specific and static. Contrastingly, neorealist prescriptions of power see it as hard, material, military power (such as large military forces or superior weapons) and are concerned with its distribution in the international system. Liberal international relations theory and the military. From this mainly structural perspective, social norms were conceptualized as an alternative to rationalist/materialist variables in explanations of world politics. In A. M. Sookermany (Ed. Constructivism has provided a broader approach to understanding international relations and security beyond rationalist frameworks. Contemporary Security Policy, 26(2), 335355. Instead of calculating what is best for improving its utility, an actor motivated by the logic of appropriateness will instead reason what actors like me should do. According to constructivism the priority is for social features instead of material. In eliciting conformance and stabilizing expectations norms do not and cannot define all possible behavior, especially when a norm first emerges. International norms dynamics and political change. Journal of European Public Policy, 6(4), 669681. The Geneva Convention (1949) is an example of an international regime. It is a social institution with norms, rules, and procedures to govern how civilians and combatants should be treated in war. Social constructivism is well suited to address continuous changes in European integration. Scholars working in this vein often begin by critiquing the analytic move to freeze the content of norms. In this sense, constructivism is really at its core a social theory of international relations because the focus on identity and interactions show how clashes and cooperation manifest in the global arena. While states may choose to participate in war or not for strategic or material reasons, it is often ideational justifications (i.e., related to justice, values or existential threat) that provide the compelling argument for or against war. Anarchy is not a given of the international system. Cooperation and Conflict, 54(1), 2543. (). For neoconservatives, Saddam Hussein represented a threat because he was seen as an irrational actor that has been hostile toward the USA (Tun 2005). (Wendts book is vital reading for all constructivist scholars and his ontological and epistemological position on constructivism is set out more fully here. But Wendt also identified a Lockean culture that demonstrated some restraint in warfare and a Kantian culture that was guided more by cooperation (Wendt 1999). It will then consider some key criticisms of this approach and conclude with a short summary. Schmidt, B. In the last decade the development of constructivist thought and empirical research has been occurring more on terms defined by constructivism itself (Checkel 2004). Introduction to International Relations Theory 100% (10) 63. (2018). [1] [2] [3] The most important ideational factors are those that are collectively held; these collectively held beliefs construct the interests and identities of actors. An alternative set of norm dynamics may be implicated when one seeks to understand change in norms themselves. The nuclear taboo: The United States and the normative basis of nuclear non-use. Risse (2000:6) captured the essence of the internal critique when he noted that the logic of appropriateness actually encompasses two different modes of social action and interaction. In one mode, appropriate actions are internalized and become thoughtlessly enacted at times as a precursor to or foundation of strategic behavior (Risse 2000:6) actors reasoning through social norms. Within this (3) Normative emergence how an idea reaches intersubjective status in a community. Rather it seeks to explore how the current reality evolved (Farrell 2002, p. 59). Social Constructivism sees the whole discipline of International Relations as a social construction. Zehfuss, M. (2002). While early constructivist theorizing proved to be an exciting new avenue for thinking about international relations in the abstract, both constructivists and their critics were eager to see constructivist theory applied empirically. Whether a state is democratic or autocratic, for example, does not seem to matter for neorealists such as Kenneth Waltz (see Realist International Relations Theory and The Military by Schmidt in this volume), because the anarchic structure is what is important for understanding state behavior. In his view, theories of cultures can not supplant theories of politics, and no casual theory of identity construction exists. Mitzen, J. This is a continuous, two-way process (2013, p. 4). European Journal of International Relations, 5(4), 435450. Power in the constructivist sense is less concerned with material power but sees ideas and discourses as powerful; power can be exercised in different ways. But norms are never static and this meaning has also changed over time for instance, with the rise of Responsibility to Protect (R2P), sovereignty as an institution has become contingent on states fulfilling certain criteria such as not committing human rights abuse. Yet, the analytic choices made had consequences for how norms were understood and these initial conditions significantly shaped both constructivist analysis and the kind of critiques of norms research that subsequently emerged. Constructivist ideas are present when attention is turned to alliances and security communities. 219227). About us. Although some debate exists over whether it is more of an approach rather than a theory (McCourt 2016, p. 476), its importance for international relations can be found in its emphasis on social relations between actors; how actors relate to each other shapes international politics. Jacobsen (2003:60) recognizes the need to theorize this relationship observing that, constructivists of all stripes seem to agree that it is vital to theorize links between subjective experience and social/institutional structures. The two versions of norm dynamics discussed above posit different conceptions of the intersubjective/subjective relationship, but neither has developed the final answer to this open question. Constructivisms key influences come from sociological and philosophical perspectives on the nature of reality and phenomena, which brings knowledge, language, and social relations to the fore. International relations and military sciences. Social Constructivism posits the argumentation that academic discourse as opposed to political engagement is more fruitful in bringing about lasting and genuine change in global affairs. European Review of International Studies, 3(3), 713. (2010). Its value also depends on the market, so it can go up and down, or buy more or fewer things, dependent on inflation, and other variables. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02866-4_105-1, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02866-4_105-1, eBook Packages: Springer Reference Political Science & International StudiesReference Module Humanities and Social Sciences, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in This freezing of norms tended to make them independent from politics as variables in political behavior. Constructivism is based on the general notion that international relations are socially constructed. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies, Department of Political Science, University of Toronto Scarborough, Establishing Constructivist Social Norms Research, Contestation from Within a Normative Community, Open Questions for the Current Norms Research, https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.60, Inter-Organizational Relations: Five Theoretical Approaches, Challenges to Traditional International Relations Theory Posed by Environmental Change, The Practice Turn in International Relations Theory. At the core of social constructivism is the idea that international politics - and indeed human relations - are "socially constructed" rather than "given." Its core ideas are based around three ontological positions relating to identity, ideas, and mutual constitution. International Studies Quarterly, 60(3), 475485. Identity and culture can be problematic categories and distract from other factors that can explain international relations, such as capitalism or patriarchy (Kurki and Sinclair 2010). Put simply, social norms were treated as independent variables explanations for varied behaviors observed in world politics. European Journal of International Relations, 3(3), 319363. Norms and identity in world politics. Realists have traditionally seen neutral states as weak and small, responding only to the external anarchic realm (Agius 2006). The simplification of social norm dynamics at the foundation of the initial wave of constructivist norms writing contributed to the meteoric rise of social constructivism within the international relations literature. The underlying idea of the logic of appropriateness that actors draw upon ideas about what they should do in specific situations given who they are was consistent with social constructivisms commitment to the causal and constitutive (Wendt 1998) effects of norms. This chapter will take the reader through the key ideas of social constructivism also referred to as constructivism in this chapter showing how norms, culture, and ideas about identity shape actors, condition their relations with each other, and can impact the so-called given nature of international relations and transform understandings of power relations. Beyond fueling critiques of constructivism, treating norms as static entities made it difficult for constructivists to explain normative change (ironic for an approach that rose to prominence with its critique of other theories inability to explain change). Should be treated in war generation ( pp it derive its name from ( it & x27. 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